REVIEW JOURNAL LEXICO-SEMANTIC
Author: Steve Bode EkundayoYear 2013
Title: Lexico-Semantic "Intraference" in Educated Nigerian English (ENE)
Journal: Canadian Center of Science and EducationVol. And Page: Vol 3. No. 6
BackgroundLexico-semantics is a semantic subcabang that deals with the study of words and meanings and the interrelationship of lexical elements in syntagmatic structures. Good words show physical and abstract things or mean images in the real world and imagine (Yule, 2003). The new word, semantic and metaphorical extension, conversion, expanding and semantic friction or friction, semantic shift and semantic reversal are the main Lexico-semantic processes in English (Akmajian, Farmer, Dermer & Harnish, 2006; Aitchison, 2001; Crystal, 2009) .
In the Lexico-semantic intraferensi, the semantic rules and the dynamics of the second language (L2) transferred from one part of L2 where they operate are received to another part where they are used not to apply, hence it is marked 'intraference' in this study because of the spread Semantic rules occur in the language. Such a Lexico-semantic interruption in which the first language and / or mother tongue (L1 and / or MT) is semantic.
Methods and SubjectsQuestionnaires, interviews, literature studies, empirical studies, internet and recorded live linguistic events were used to collect data in this study. The subjects of the study were people aged between 19 and 70 years old (but not entirely) professors, lecturers and final year and post-graduate students of English and Literature, Linguistics, and the Department of Communication in ten (10) universities and five (5) Education owned by the state government, and ten (10) universities and five (5) educational colleges owned by the Federal Government of Nigeria in ten cities in five geo-political / geo-linguistic zones from Nigeria tested from April 2004 to March 2013 The cities of Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Kaduna, Benin, Port Harcourt, Abuja, Owerri, Calabar and Ilorin. In addition, the spontaneous speech of many highly educated Nigerians who are secretly and overtly observed and recorded throughout Nigeria.The method of this study is eclectic. It is both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative methods are used to describe Lexico-semantic variations gathered and explain the psycho-sociolinguistic basics. Qualitative research deals with individual accounts of their own attitudes, motivations and behaviors. The qualitative approach is best suited for exploration, attitude, history and linguistic studies that examine causal processes at a deliberate level, self- directing and knowledgeable actors (Omorogiuwa, 2006).However, the quantitative approach is used to present the response statistics in the accounting table for a particular frequency, in which and the percentage of cases are documented. Both methods are the best for nature and psycho-sociolinguistics for the intuitive features of this study. They also enable the reader to quickly and only appreciate data that proves, or can be used to justify, the claims and intuitive propositions made in this study.InstrumentInterviews are mainly structured and questionnaires are thrown in several options with options A and B, or A through D, as the case may be. Option A has the original form or SBE popular while option B has a word meaning ENE. Respondents are asked to tick, ring or fill in the empty space option that they often use. Cases obtained from observations and recording of life-language events and written text were further tested in interviews and questionnaires to build their popularity among Nigerians. The questionnaires and interviews have been validated by two professors from Test and Measurements and two English and Literature professors from the University of Benin before they are awarded to the subject.After that, their appearance is collected and analyzed. Where 40-50 percent (40 to 49%) of the population tested is picked or marked an option, certain options are treated as new features or variants in the Northeast. Cases with 50 to 59% are treated as general, 60-79% widespread and 80 to 100% marked rooted. Overall, no less than 60,000 Nigerians were studied. The distribution of responses is presented in a matter of simple percentiles in tables and serial explanations. There are many other examples of life linguistic events and published works described alongside SBE and / or SAE forms.
Author: Steve Bode EkundayoYear 2013
Title: Lexico-Semantic "Intraference" in Educated Nigerian English (ENE)
Journal: Canadian Center of Science and EducationVol. And Page: Vol 3. No. 6
BackgroundLexico-semantics is a semantic subcabang that deals with the study of words and meanings and the interrelationship of lexical elements in syntagmatic structures. Good words show physical and abstract things or mean images in the real world and imagine (Yule, 2003). The new word, semantic and metaphorical extension, conversion, expanding and semantic friction or friction, semantic shift and semantic reversal are the main Lexico-semantic processes in English (Akmajian, Farmer, Dermer & Harnish, 2006; Aitchison, 2001; Crystal, 2009) .
In the Lexico-semantic intraferensi, the semantic rules and the dynamics of the second language (L2) transferred from one part of L2 where they operate are received to another part where they are used not to apply, hence it is marked 'intraference' in this study because of the spread Semantic rules occur in the language. Such a Lexico-semantic interruption in which the first language and / or mother tongue (L1 and / or MT) is semantic.
Methods and SubjectsQuestionnaires, interviews, literature studies, empirical studies, internet and recorded live linguistic events were used to collect data in this study. The subjects of the study were people aged between 19 and 70 years old (but not entirely) professors, lecturers and final year and post-graduate students of English and Literature, Linguistics, and the Department of Communication in ten (10) universities and five (5) Education owned by the state government, and ten (10) universities and five (5) educational colleges owned by the Federal Government of Nigeria in ten cities in five geo-political / geo-linguistic zones from Nigeria tested from April 2004 to March 2013 The cities of Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Kaduna, Benin, Port Harcourt, Abuja, Owerri, Calabar and Ilorin. In addition, the spontaneous speech of many highly educated Nigerians who are secretly and overtly observed and recorded throughout Nigeria.The method of this study is eclectic. It is both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative methods are used to describe Lexico-semantic variations gathered and explain the psycho-sociolinguistic basics. Qualitative research deals with individual accounts of their own attitudes, motivations and behaviors. The qualitative approach is best suited for exploration, attitude, history and linguistic studies that examine causal processes at a deliberate level, self- directing and knowledgeable actors (Omorogiuwa, 2006).However, the quantitative approach is used to present the response statistics in the accounting table for a particular frequency, in which and the percentage of cases are documented. Both methods are the best for nature and psycho-sociolinguistics for the intuitive features of this study. They also enable the reader to quickly and only appreciate data that proves, or can be used to justify, the claims and intuitive propositions made in this study.InstrumentInterviews are mainly structured and questionnaires are thrown in several options with options A and B, or A through D, as the case may be. Option A has the original form or SBE popular while option B has a word meaning ENE. Respondents are asked to tick, ring or fill in the empty space option that they often use. Cases obtained from observations and recording of life-language events and written text were further tested in interviews and questionnaires to build their popularity among Nigerians. The questionnaires and interviews have been validated by two professors from Test and Measurements and two English and Literature professors from the University of Benin before they are awarded to the subject.After that, their appearance is collected and analyzed. Where 40-50 percent (40 to 49%) of the population tested is picked or marked an option, certain options are treated as new features or variants in the Northeast. Cases with 50 to 59% are treated as general, 60-79% widespread and 80 to 100% marked rooted. Overall, no less than 60,000 Nigerians were studied. The distribution of responses is presented in a matter of simple percentiles in tables and serial explanations. There are many other examples of life linguistic events and published works described alongside SBE and / or SAE forms.
Results Intraference
is a habit of redeploying rules, dynamics and semantic nature of
languages from the sections in which they have been established and
accepted operating to other parts of the language where they are
hitherto used to not operate. Since such transfers are in language, it has been regarded as interference, as opposed to interference. Intraference is created from the senses of inter, intra, and interference. Intra means in, in, or inside.When
used to form a word, intra shows or connotes something to happen in an
entity, not beyond it, and does not connect different entities or
analogues, for example, intracity means 'or within a city', not 'out'. Both intra and inter inherent suggest contacts of two things. Intra indicates the contacts of two sub-items in the same family or
interim agency show inter-encounter or collision of two equal (or
unequal) entities rank, but definitely from different families or
classes.Intraference
relates to the underlying "competence," which informs the movement of
language and arrangement items to create and use words and meanings. It is primarily concerned with normative speakers who do not
understand their second language perfectly and are influenced by
psycho-socially relevant conditions as setting, context, memory
limitations, distractions and shifts of attention and interest.They
are more influenced by the phonology, orthographic, syntactic and
semantic rules, exceptions and items that are characteristic of the
second language, because they apply knowledge in actual performance
(Adaptation of Chomsky (1965, p.3) finer expression In this
conceptualization, two factors The main influences on the competence and performance of the second language user are psycho-sociolinguistics / and linguistics.
The
term 'Nigerian English' "Educated English Nigeria," Standard Nigeria
English, "etc. has been in the eyes of money since the pre-independence
of Nigeria. Nigeria
gained its independence from British colonialists on October 1, 1960.
However, the terms were ambiguous and controversial when they initially
became popular. According
to Jowitt (1991), "it was natural for many Nigerians and many
expatriates at school and university in 1960 to use the expression
'Nigeria English' without feeling the need to apologize" (page 30). Nigerian English is classified by region, sociolinguistic features, educational status and linguistic features. The most popular classifications are Banjo I, II, III and IV varieties. Variety I related to elementary school students and graduates, II is
the same as high school students and graduates and the majority of
Nigeria.It is characterized by disorders and grammatical deviations. III is associated with an educated Nigerian as illustrated in the next paragraph. Banjo proposes Variety III as a Nigerian model because it has an 'intranational' restriction and international clarity. Variety
IV is identical to SBE or RP, or SAE is used by some Nigerian acquired
English in a native English-speaking setting or having a genuine English
speaking parent. These varieties are generally considered too foreign or mixed with non-Nigerian accents (Banjo, 1996, pp. 96-100).It
has been observed that Nigerians display the linguistic tendencies of
stretching the meanings of words beyond the dictionary assigned and the
original meanings for sociolinguistic, cultural and pragmatic reasons
(Adegbija, 1989; Odumuh, 1980; Bamiro, 1994). Neologism
and the meaning of extension have also been found to be "defining the
characteristics" of Nigerian English (Teilanyo, 2008, p.29). According
to Effiong (2011), the words of Nigerian coins and expressions may not
have the same meaning in the original use of English. The linguistic innovation or "Semantic contrast" distinguishes Nigerian English (pp. 286-7).
Similarly,
Osakwe (2011) says that young Nigerians are taking advantage of Nigerian
sociolinguistic complex backgrounds to produce "slangs (sic) and
nonstandard usage" denoting "semantic drift" (p.33). In
this connection, research shows that Nigerians impose, extend or
supplement, alter, weaken and reverse the meaning of words by
redeploying Lexico-semantic rules and the English process that here
marked Lexico's semantics of intraference.
The Lexico-Semantic Intraference for the Ten Words of the Questionnaire Ten words (impeach, cruel, abandoned, down, take, celebrants, flirt, victims, bread and dash) given to five thousand subjects each of ten high institutions in ten cities of Nigeria
The Lexico-Semantic Intraference for the Ten Words of the Questionnaire Ten words (impeach, cruel, abandoned, down, take, celebrants, flirt, victims, bread and dash) given to five thousand subjects each of ten high institutions in ten cities of Nigeria
ConclusionAs
shown in this study, Lexico-semantic intraferensi is a
Nigerian-educated productive process of spreading the word investment in
English that still exists with new or additional meaning or words of
coin with a new meaning that may not be in the SBE. This is unlike Lexico-semantic interference where the normative users
of ESL transfer semantic features of their original language and / or
their first to English or their second language.In
Lexico-semantic intraferensi, Lexico-semantic meanings and processes
are distributed from one part of the language in which they are
established to other parts in which they are used not to operate. In doing this the normative speakers in ESL. Situations produce words and meanings that differentiate between them. Educated
Nigerians, under such psycho-sociolinguistic constraints as
communication pressure, the need for brevity, creative encouragement,
awareness of use and ignorance, the dynamics of language settings and
ESL, etc. Lexico's move semantic rules to make words and meanings that
may not be found in SBE Or which means it is well expressed in a few other established SBE words. The
habit of entrenched among the educated Nigerian produces lexical
elements which then distinguishes the Lexico-semic ENE Lexico and other
Lexico-semantic international English
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