Sabtu, 08 Juli 2017

Jumat, 09 Juni 2017

REVIEW JOURNAL (Lexico-Semantic)

REVIEW JOURNAL LEXICO-SEMANTIC

Author: Steve Bode EkundayoYear 2013 
Title: Lexico-Semantic "Intraference" in Educated Nigerian English (ENE) 
Journal: Canadian Center of Science and EducationVol. And Page: Vol 3. No. 6


 BackgroundLexico-semantics is a semantic subcabang that deals with the study of words and meanings and the interrelationship of lexical elements in syntagmatic structures. Good words show physical and abstract things or mean images in the real world and imagine (Yule, 2003). The new word, semantic and metaphorical extension, conversion, expanding and semantic friction or friction, semantic shift and semantic reversal are the main Lexico-semantic processes in English (Akmajian, Farmer, Dermer & Harnish, 2006; Aitchison, 2001; Crystal, 2009) .

In the Lexico-semantic intraferensi, the semantic rules and the dynamics of the second language (L2) transferred from one part of L2 where they operate are received to another part where they are used not to apply, hence it is marked 'intraference' in this study because of the spread Semantic rules occur in the language. Such a Lexico-semantic interruption in which the first language and / or mother tongue (L1 and / or MT) is semantic.


Methods and SubjectsQuestionnaires, interviews, literature studies, empirical studies, internet and recorded live linguistic events were used to collect data in this study. The subjects of the study were people aged between 19 and 70 years old (but not entirely) professors, lecturers and final year and post-graduate students of English and Literature, Linguistics, and the Department of Communication in ten (10) universities and five (5) Education owned by the state government, and ten (10) universities and five (5) educational colleges owned by the Federal Government of Nigeria in ten cities in five geo-political / geo-linguistic zones from Nigeria tested from April 2004 to March 2013 The cities of Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Kaduna, Benin, Port Harcourt, Abuja, Owerri, Calabar and Ilorin. In addition, the spontaneous speech of many highly educated Nigerians who are secretly and overtly observed and recorded throughout Nigeria.The method of this study is eclectic. It is both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative methods are used to describe Lexico-semantic variations gathered and explain the psycho-sociolinguistic basics. Qualitative research deals with individual accounts of their own attitudes, motivations and behaviors. The qualitative approach is best suited for exploration, attitude, history and linguistic studies that examine causal processes at a deliberate level, self- directing and knowledgeable actors (Omorogiuwa, 2006).However, the quantitative approach is used to present the response statistics in the accounting table for a particular frequency, in which and the percentage of cases are documented. Both methods are the best for nature and psycho-sociolinguistics for the intuitive features of this study. They also enable the reader to quickly and only appreciate data that proves, or can be used to justify, the claims and intuitive propositions made in this study.InstrumentInterviews are mainly structured and questionnaires are thrown in several options with options A and B, or A through D, as the case may be. Option A has the original form or SBE popular while option B has a word meaning ENE. Respondents are asked to tick, ring or fill in the empty space option that they often use. Cases obtained from observations and recording of life-language events and written text were further tested in interviews and questionnaires to build their popularity among Nigerians. The questionnaires and interviews have been validated by two professors from Test and Measurements and two English and Literature professors from the University of Benin before they are awarded to the subject.After that, their appearance is collected and analyzed. Where 40-50 percent (40 to 49%) of the population tested is picked or marked an option, certain options are treated as new features or variants in the Northeast. Cases with 50 to 59% are treated as general, 60-79% widespread and 80 to 100% marked rooted. Overall, no less than 60,000 Nigerians were studied. The distribution of responses is presented in a matter of simple percentiles in tables and serial explanations. There are many other examples of life linguistic events and published works described alongside SBE and / or SAE forms.

Results Intraference is a habit of redeploying rules, dynamics and semantic nature of languages ​​from the sections in which they have been established and accepted operating to other parts of the language where they are hitherto used to not operate. Since such transfers are in language, it has been regarded as interference, as opposed to interference. Intraference is created from the senses of inter, intra, and interference. Intra means in, in, or inside.When used to form a word, intra shows or connotes something to happen in an entity, not beyond it, and does not connect different entities or analogues, for example, intracity means 'or within a city', not 'out'. Both intra and inter inherent suggest contacts of two things. Intra indicates the contacts of two sub-items in the same family or interim agency show inter-encounter or collision of two equal (or unequal) entities rank, but definitely from different families or classes.Intraference relates to the underlying "competence," which informs the movement of language and arrangement items to create and use words and meanings. It is primarily concerned with normative speakers who do not understand their second language perfectly and are influenced by psycho-socially relevant conditions as setting, context, memory limitations, distractions and shifts of attention and interest.They are more influenced by the phonology, orthographic, syntactic and semantic rules, exceptions and items that are characteristic of the second language, because they apply knowledge in actual performance (Adaptation of Chomsky (1965, p.3) finer expression In this conceptualization, two factors The main influences on the competence and performance of the second language user are psycho-sociolinguistics / and linguistics.

The term 'Nigerian English' "Educated English Nigeria," Standard Nigeria English, "etc. has been in the eyes of money since the pre-independence of Nigeria. Nigeria gained its independence from British colonialists on October 1, 1960. However, the terms were ambiguous and controversial when they initially became popular. According to Jowitt (1991), "it was natural for many Nigerians and many expatriates at school and university in 1960 to use the expression 'Nigeria English' without feeling the need to apologize" (page 30). Nigerian English is classified by region, sociolinguistic features, educational status and linguistic features. The most popular classifications are Banjo I, II, III and IV varieties. Variety I related to elementary school students and graduates, II is the same as high school students and graduates and the majority of Nigeria.It is characterized by disorders and grammatical deviations. III is associated with an educated Nigerian as illustrated in the next paragraph. Banjo proposes Variety III as a Nigerian model because it has an 'intranational' restriction and international clarity. Variety IV is identical to SBE or RP, or SAE is used by some Nigerian acquired English in a native English-speaking setting or having a genuine English speaking parent. These varieties are generally considered too foreign or mixed with non-Nigerian accents (Banjo, 1996, pp. 96-100).It has been observed that Nigerians display the linguistic tendencies of stretching the meanings of words beyond the dictionary assigned and the original meanings for sociolinguistic, cultural and pragmatic reasons (Adegbija, 1989; Odumuh, 1980; Bamiro, 1994). Neologism and the meaning of extension have also been found to be "defining the characteristics" of Nigerian English (Teilanyo, 2008, p.29). According to Effiong (2011), the words of Nigerian coins and expressions may not have the same meaning in the original use of English. The linguistic innovation or "Semantic contrast" distinguishes Nigerian English (pp. 286-7).

Similarly, Osakwe (2011) says that young Nigerians are taking advantage of Nigerian sociolinguistic complex backgrounds to produce "slangs (sic) and nonstandard usage" denoting "semantic drift" (p.33). In this connection, research shows that Nigerians impose, extend or supplement, alter, weaken and reverse the meaning of words by redeploying Lexico-semantic rules and the English process that here marked Lexico's semantics of intraference.
The Lexico-Semantic Intraference for the Ten Words of the Questionnaire Ten words (impeach, cruel, abandoned, down, take, celebrants, flirt, victims, bread and dash) given to five thousand subjects each of ten high institutions in ten cities of Nigeria

ConclusionAs shown in this study, Lexico-semantic intraferensi is a Nigerian-educated productive process of spreading the word investment in English that still exists with new or additional meaning or words of coin with a new meaning that may not be in the SBE. This is unlike Lexico-semantic interference where the normative users of ESL transfer semantic features of their original language and / or their first to English or their second language.In Lexico-semantic intraferensi, Lexico-semantic meanings and processes are distributed from one part of the language in which they are established to other parts in which they are used not to operate. In doing this the normative speakers in ESL. Situations produce words and meanings that differentiate between them. Educated Nigerians, under such psycho-sociolinguistic constraints as communication pressure, the need for brevity, creative encouragement, awareness of use and ignorance, the dynamics of language settings and ESL, etc. Lexico's move semantic rules to make words and meanings that may not be found in SBE Or which means it is well expressed in a few other established SBE words. The habit of entrenched among the educated Nigerian produces lexical elements which then distinguishes the Lexico-semic ENE Lexico and other Lexico-semantic international English   

Thank you guys.... :) 

Jumat, 21 April 2017

MORPHOLOGY



What is morphology? In biology, Morphology is the study of the shape of organisms, especially animals and plants and includes parts of it. Likewise in linguistics, Morphology is the study of the linguistic itself, such as studying the formation of the word / morpheme and also variations of the combined word / morpheme in a language. Morphology itself is divided into two types: bebes and bound. How is the difference let's see. Type Morphology Free morphemes (Free) Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone into words without having to be attached to another morpheme. Free morphemes have several basic types, namely verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions, and others. Example: study (verb), man (noun), kind (adj), on (prep). Free morphemes are divided into 2, namely lexical morphemes (open-class) and functional morphemes (closed-class). Lexical morphemes are morphemes that can stand on their own and it can convey the content of the message we deliver, divided into 3, verbs, nouns and adjectives. Example: read (verb), baby (noun), cool (adj).   Functional morphemes are morphemes that can stand on their own but are not yet clear the contents to be conveyed, divided into 4, ie conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Example: but (conj), at (prep), the (artc), she (pronoun).  Bound morphemes (bound) Bound morphemes are morphemes that can not stand on their own but must be attached to another morpheme. Bound morphemes are divided into 2, namely derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.   Derivational morphemes are morphemes which, when attached to other morphemes, form new morphemes or to form words with grammar (lexeme) different from the previous word. In the derivational there are 2 kinds, that can be in the beginning of a word (prefixes) or in the end of a word (suffixes), in the Indonesian language we usually know it with affixes. Example: the word beautiful (adj) is derived from the word beauty (noun) which gets an additional morpheme "ful" which converts noun to adjective. Well from that reason the morpheme "ful" belongs to the derivational morphemes suffix (at the end of the word) because it changes the word from noun lexeme into an adjective lexeme. Inflectional morphemes are morphemes attached to other morphemes that merely identify the grammatus, not to produce new words or form words with grammar (lexeme) different from the previous word. Example: the word books (noun) is derived from the word book (noun), here the book turns into a book because to explain that the book is plural, so it does not change the lexeme of that word, because the word book becomes books remain in the lexeme The same is noun lexeme.

Sabtu, 11 Maret 2017

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

Assalammualaikum Wr.Wb
Let in this article I will give a little information I know about the introduction to linguistics.

Okey...
 

What is Linguistics ???

Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing. Linguistics is the study of these knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how is it acquired, how is it used in the production and comprehension of messages, how does it change over time? Linguists consequently are concerned with a number of particular questions about the nature of language. What properties do all human languages have in common? How do languages differ, and to what extent are the differences systematic, i.e. can we find patterns in the differences? How do children acquire such complete knowledge of a language in such a short time? What are the ways in which languages can change over time, and are there limitations to how languages change? What is the nature of the cognitive processes that come into play when we produce and understand language?

The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is divided into a number of subfields:

    Phonetics - the study of speech sounds in their physical aspects
    Phonology - the study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspects
    Morphology - the study of the formation of words
    Syntax - the study of the formation of sentences
    Semantics - the study of meaning
    Pragmatics - the study of language use

Sabtu, 04 Agustus 2012

Pesan Motivasi Pelajar

===-Mario Teguh-===
Jika anda sedang benar, jangan terlalu berani dan
bila anda sedang takut, jangan terlalu takut.
Karena keseimbangan sikap adalah penentu
ketepatan perjalanan kesuksesan anda
Selengkapnya Tugas kita bukanlah untuk berhasil. Tugas kita
adalah untuk mencoba, karena didalam mencoba
itulah kita menemukan dan belajar membangun
kesempatan untuk berhasil
Anda hanya dekat dengan mereka yang anda
sukai. Dan seringkali anda menghindari orang
yang tidak tidak anda sukai, padahal dari dialah
Anda akan mengenal sudut pandang yang baru
Orang-orang yang berhenti belajar akan menjadi
pemilik masa lalu. Orang-orang yang masih terus
belajar, akan menjadi pemilik masa depan
Tinggalkanlah kesenangan yang menghalangi
pencapaian kecemerlangan hidup yang di
idamkan. Dan berhati-hatilah, karena beberapa
kesenangan adalah cara gembira menuju
kegagalan
Jangan menolak perubahan hanya karena anda
takut kehilangan yang telah dimiliki, karena
dengannya anda merendahkan nilai yang bisa
anda capai melalui perubahan itu
Anda tidak akan berhasil menjadi pribadi baru bila
anda berkeras untuk mempertahankan cara-cara
lama anda. Anda akan disebut baru, hanya bila
cara-cara anda baru
Ketepatan sikap adalah dasar semua ketepatan.
Tidak ada penghalang keberhasilan bila sikap
anda tepat, dan tidak ada yang bisa menolong
bila sikap anda salah
Orang lanjut usia yang berorientasi pada
kesempatan adalah orang muda yang tidak
pernah menua ; tetapi pemuda yang berorientasi
pada keamanan, telah menua sejak muda
Hanya orang takut yang bisa berani, karena
keberanian adalah melakukan sesuatu yang
ditakutinya. Maka, bila merasa takut, anda akan
punya kesempatan untuk bersikap berani
Kekuatan terbesar yang mampu mengalahkan
stress adalah kemampuan memilih pikiran yang
tepat. Anda akan menjadi lebih damai bila yang
anda pikirkan adalah jalan keluar masalah.
Jangan pernah merobohkan pagar tanpa mengetahui
mengapa didirikan. Jangan pernah mengabaikan
tuntunan kebaikan tanpa mengetahui keburukan
yang kemudian anda dapat


Seseorang yang menolak memperbarui cara-cara
kerjanya yang tidak lagi menghasilkan, berlaku
seperti orang yang terus memeras jerami untuk
mendapatkan santan
Bila anda belum menemkan pekerjaan yang sesuai
dengan bakat anda, bakatilah apapun pekerjaan
anda sekarang. Anda akan tampil secemerlang
yang berbakat
Kita lebih menghormati orang miskin yang berani
daripada orang kaya yang penakut. Karena
sebetulnya telah jelas perbedaan kualitas masa
depan yang akan mereka capai
Jika kita hanya mengerjakan yang sudah kita
ketahui, kapankah kita akan mendapat
pengetahuan yang baru ? Melakukan yang belum
kita ketahui adalah pintu menuju pengetahuan
Jangan hanya menghindari yang tidak mungkin.
Dengan mencoba sesuatu yang tidak
mungkin,anda akan bisa mencapai yang terbaik
dari yang mungkin anda capai..
Salah satu pengkerdilan terkejam dalam hidup
adalah membiarkan pikiran yang cemerlang
menjadi budak bagi tubuh yang malas, yang
mendahulukan istirahat sebelum lelah.
Bila anda mencari uang, anda akan dipaksa
mengupayakan pelayanan yang terbaik.
Tetapi jika anda mengutamakan pelayanan yang
baik, maka andalah yang akan dicari uang
Waktu ,mengubah semua hal, kecuali kita. Kita
mungkin menua dengan berjalanannya waktu,
tetapi belum tentu membijak.. Kita-lah yang harus
mengubah diri kita sendiri
Semua waktu adalah waktu yang tepat untuk
melakukan sesuatu yang baik. Jangan menjadi
orang tua yang masih melakukan sesuatu yang
seharusnya dilakukan saat muda.
Tidak ada harga atas waktu, tapi waktu sangat
berharga. Memilik waktu tidak menjadikan kita
kaya, tetapi menggunakannya dengan baik
adalah sumber dari semua kekayaan

Sumber : www.google.com